Chapter Four
“I have not, I think, ever had a thrill, comparable to that which I experienced when I finally walked through the famed Norman doorway of University College, to register as an undergraduate Arts student in . I had looked forward to that day since passing my Entrance examination ten years before.”
William Deadman, in his handwritten memoirs
The agricultural depression was long past by the time William entered the University of Toronto. It was well into the Edwardian age and Canada was in its first burst of real prosperity. Manufacturing concerns were opening in eastern cities, principally Hamilton, Toronto and Montreal. Rail lines extended over much of the landscape moving goods and people, and connecting the country from east to west. The prairies were rapidly filling with farms and farmers, many of whom were immigrants from the wheat-lands of the Ukraine. Canadian researchers had developed a new strain known as Durham wheat that would grow in the short and dry growing season on the Prairies. In the east, manufacturers were often American branch plants, but there were many home grown industries that were doing well.
University College
William entered the course in Biology and Physics because if he completed the 4 year course in the Faculty of Arts he could get advanced standing to complete his medical degree in two further years and if he changed his mind and reverted to high school teaching, he had all the credits to become a science teacher. Curiously to modern eyes, his undergraduate career in Biology and Physics was offered in the Faculty of Arts, and gained him a B.A. in Natural Science, rather than today’s usual B.Sc.1 The degree also gave him all the prerequisites for advanced standing in medical school at Toronto, which also awarded a degree different than today’s, the M.B., or Bachelor of Medicine. Because there was no requirement for Pre-Meds in those days, this was an undergraduate degree as it was in Britain and in Europe. Some American universities were beginning to offer a doctorate degree, but schools like Harvard and the University of Pennsylvania were still offering an M.B. until well into the 1930s.
By this time William, now known by his friends as Bill, had begun to appreciate the tremendous changes that had occurred in his life. A whole new world was opening up for him and for many others who were entering university in the Empire of Edward VII. He recalled later that the university had been on a building campaign and the McLennan Physics Laboratories and a new Convocation Hall had just opened in 1907. In an earlier version of his memoirs, he writes:2
“I have not, I think, ever had a thrill, comparable to that which I experienced when I finally walked through the famed Norman doorway of University College, to register as an undergraduate student in Arts. I had looked forward to that day since passing my Entrance examination ten years before. I had at first thought of aiming to be a High School Science teacher. However, having formed a friendship with the son of local doctor, I learned from him of the course in Biology and Physics which led into Medicine, and decided to enrol in it so that if, at graduation in Arts, Medicine had no appeal, I could follow my original plan. I did however continue and graduated in medicine with the class of 1913.
“In 1907, the fortunes of the University of Toronto, after a half century of comparative penury, were in the ascendant. The Ontario Government of Sir James Whitney had allotted to the university for its maintenance, half of the succession duties of the province. A brand new Physics building had been built, and, as well, a new Convocation Hall both of which opened in 1907. Then, too, there was a brand new president, who, for the next quarter century, guided the now expanding University well along the road to its present preeminent position, among the great universities of Canada, of North America and, indeed, of the English-speaking world. Sir Robert Falconer, now passed to his reward, must be accorded a place among the great university presidents of his time.
“Maurice Hutton, of Eton and Oxford was principal of University College. He was said to have worn, in the true Eton fashion of the times, the lower button of his vest unbuttoned. The quip was that when any member of the staff pointed to a vest with an unbuttoned bottom button with the query, “Eton?” the answer was “No, drinkin’”. Whether the principal ever made such a retort is not on record.
“One of the striking figures on the campus in those days was Professor St. Elma De Champ, a member of the staff in French, over 6 feet tall and the possessor of a long black spade beard with the inevitable cigarette protruding, a veritable fire hazard. As a freshman, I remember sitting in one of the classrooms of the East wing waiting for our lecturer in French, when, by mistake, Professor Ed Champ entered the room. After a few minutes pause, foot scraping, as practised by students in those days, began. The sternness of the Professor’s gaze, gave pause to the class, and, as stillness reigned, he said “In my country, we hear such sounds in stables only” and turning on his heel left the room.
“Professor W. J. Alexander was head of the English Department. I have never forgotten his lectures to us in the third year, on 6 plays of Shakespeare. It gave me a love of Shakespeare which grows with the years. Professor Van Der Smissen, head of the German Department, crossing the campus, made a lasting impression on the freshman mind, with his moustache, his monocle and his dachshund.”
“Professor Ramsey Wright, head of the Department of Biology, impressed me as one of the best lecturers. He had an amazing ability to illustrate his subject matter with coloured chalk. As the lecture traced the course of the development of the embryo from a single cell, the drawing progressed in perfect timing with the development of the subject in the lecture. I have seen but one other speaker with such facility.
Professor F. B. Kenrick, later head of the Department was our lecturer in inorganic chemistry. He was dour, with, to us, on apparent sense of humour, and marked absentees from the lecture by the numbers he could see painted on the front of the seat backs. One day, he was lecturing on catalysts and observed the agitation sometimes initiated (by) the change from liquid to gas. To illustrate this he left on the desk a glass bottle half full of ether, closed by a glass stopper, promising to agitate it at the time of the next lecture. This he did. The glass stopper was expelled from the bottle, and, turning end on end, rose a foot and a half and then dropped back exactly into place in the bottle. The applause was deafening and the professor had to smile.”
Bill had many other recollections of his days at University College. He remembered the old Norman Gothic building with its creaking wooden floors and worn stone staircases. He remembered the Croft Chapter House and the Junior Common Room. He lived in a room on Huron Street for at least part of his university career and got 21 meals at a local restaurant for $2.10. The social life was much more than he had been used to in the rural atmosphere where he had grown up. He remembered social events called Conversaziones in which you did a grand march around the ballroom. Later there was dancing but the ubiquitous chaperones kept a wary eye.
There were far more men than women in his courses and this restricted some social activity. But he had little money for such things and found that he felt awkward in the increasingly sophisticated social life around him. Perhaps his unusual name and his country background now trying to cope with the big city may have increased those feelings. By 1911 when he graduated in Arts, he was becoming much more comfortable with such things. His friends always said that he had a way with people. His affable style was the same for royalty as it would be for the shoe-shine boy.
He became very involved with sports. His previous football experience at high school and Walter’s Falls stood him in good stead and he played for both the University College and Faculty of Medicine teams. In his first year in the Medical course, 1911-1912, he was a forward on the Senior Meds team that won the Interfaculty Association Football Championship.3 He also had further associations with sports and with Hamilton, the city where he was destined to spend a great deal of his subsequent professional career. He writes:
“My first visit to Hamilton came in 1910, when I was in the middle of my course at university. In 1908, Lord Grey, then Governor-General of Canada, had donated a cup to be emblematic of the Dominion Championship in Rugby-Football which was then purely an amateur sport. The only professional sport at the time was baseball, and Toronto and Montreal had professional baseball teams in the old Eastern League, later the International League. Toronto’s home games were played in a stadium on Toronto Island, and the pleasant voyage on the Island ferry was an added pleasure, albeit a little time consuming. Rugby however, was still amateur, and the two leading organizations were the Intercollegiate Rugby-Football Union and the Ontario Rugby-Football Union. The Dominion Championship was decided by a play-off game between the respective champions of these two groups. Competition for the Grey Cup began in 1909, and for the first three years the University of Toronto team won the championship. In 1910, the deciding game was played at Hamilton between the Hamilton Tigers and the University of Toronto team, Varsity winning by a score of 16 to 7. It was on this occasion that I first set foot in Hamilton.
“We students came up by special Grand Trunk train arriving at the old Stuart Street station, a collection of low shed-like buildings. A patch of lawn carried a row of whitewashed stones which spelled out the name “Hamilton”. This recalled to our minds the stage joke which we had heard at Shea’s Vaudeville Theatre at Toronto, popular with students on Saturday afternoons. The skit consisted of a scene showing a mother and her small son looking out of a passenger coach window at the row of whitewashed stones, and the son’s plaintive query, “mother, is Hamilton buried there?” Hamilton was wont to respond to such comments by applying the sobriquet “Hogtown” to its big neighbour.
“These were banner years for Rugby at the University. It was the era of Hugh Gall, Jack Newton, “Bull” Ritchie, Charlie Gage, “Red” Dixon and the redoubtable, Smirle Lawson the “Big Train”. Gage and Dixon were classmates of mine in Arts. Gage was an all-round athlete and was the University’s heavyweight boxing champion. Ewart Dixon entered the legal profession and became a leading citizen of Hamilton. The Hamilton Tiger team was no mean opponent. Men like Ben Simpson, afterwards principal of Delta Collegiate, “Chicken” McKelvey, and Sam Manson 4 shed lustre on the team and on their city. The home games were played at the “Cricket Grounds” of the Hamilton Amateur Athletic Association on Charleton Street West. Cricket however had given way to tennis, football and other sports.
Medical Education in Canada
William entered the third year of the medical course in the fall of 1911. There had been tremendous chances to medical training since William Osler had been in medical training some four decades before. For most people today the conditions of medical education and practice in the early-mid 19th century would be impossible to imagine. From our vantage point in the early 21st century, we like to remark on the great scientific and educational advances of the 20th century as if they were somehow unique. But the profound changes which took place in the 19th century in every area of medical work were even more startling than those of the 20th – particularly if one compares conditions at the beginning of each century with those at the end. Some 80 years ago Dr. A. H. Wright observed: i
“It is difficult or impossible for the observers of public matters in Ontario to-day to form a correct opinion as to the conditions in Upper Canada from 1820 to 1860. The game of politics was more strenuous one hundred years ago than it is at the present time. The medley of questions pertaining to higher education, land and money grants, the diversified opinions of the various religious denominations, the alarming situation in politics, and the rebellion of 1837, created conditions quite extraordinary, associated with almost endless controversy of the bitterest kind.
“The educational difficulties began with an attempt to establish a university organization on purely British lines, which were not acceptable to the majority in Upper Canada.”
By the mid-late 19th century, medical and scientific research in Britain and Europe had made tremendous strides and many of the famous schools of medicine were undergoing similar changes. Academic students from North America found that they had to go to Europe for the best education. The United States was trying to keep pace. Established medical schools such as the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard and Yale had tightened their admission requirements and developed formal curricula to replace the apprenticeship system that was prevalent elsewhere. In the 1870s, Mr. Johns Hopkins had endowed a new university and medical school in Baltimore which was to blaze the trail to modern medical education. Despite this, most medical education in the United States was unregulated with no formal admission requirements or curriculum. Even at the turn of the 20th century, it was still possible to get mail-order diplomas to become a physician.
In this period, Canada was lagging far behind. The only medical school that could match the education found in the U.S. was at McGill University in Montreal. Founded in 1829, only 8 years after the university itself, it was Canada’s oldest medical school by far. Most others were so-called proprietary schools, often run by one or more practicing physicians and largely depending on an apprenticeship model with few lectures and little laboratory experience. There was no regulation and each school could set its own curriculum if it bothered with a curriculum at all.
These problems resulted in the establishment of colleges of medicine who would have the power to regulate the various practitioners who had a wide variety of training and scope of practice. A College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada was incorporated in 1839 but the charter was disallowed in 1840. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower Canada was created in 1847. Finally in 1869 the Ontario Medical Act was passed and a new College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario was incorporated under the Act. These colleges were controversial at first but the need for regulation in the profession finally led to their general acceptance. It was increasingly recognized that medical education and regulation of the profession had lagged far behind the tremendous scientific advances and increase in knowledge about public health, human disease and its treatment.
Sir William Osler
William Osler, probably Canada’s most famous physician, had a major role in changing this state of affairs. He was born in Bond Head, Tecumseth Township, only a few miles from Beeton on July 12th, 1849 and grew up in Dundas, Canada West, an old town now part of Hamilton, Ontario. After attending Trinity College School in 1866 and Trinity College, Toronto in 1867, he enrolled in the Toronto School of Medicine, a proprietary school not connected with the University of Toronto. He completed his medical training at McGill in 1872 and studied in England and Europe for two years at a time when post-graduate training was very unusual. He then returned to McGill as a professor of medicine in 1874, at 25 perhaps the youngest physician to hold that post.
In 1884 he was appointed Chair of Clinical Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, America’s oldest school. In 1889 he became Chief of Staff at the new Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore where he became one of the four founders of a new medical school. They became known as the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The four founders were William Henry Welch – pathology, William Stewart Halsted – surgery, William Osler – internal medicine, and Howard Kelly – obstetrics and gynecology. In 1905 Osler was appointed to the Regius Chair of Medicine at Oxford University where he remained until his death in 1919. The events of that period, in which Osler was so centrally involved were indeed apocalyptic and changed the course of clinical medicine in England, the United States and Canada in the 20th century. It is not surprising with all the geographic and educational connections that Bill Deadman chose Osler as his role model.
The training of physicians in the first decade of the 20th century had undergone tremendous changes and more were in store. Osler had introduced the widespread use of the microscope and the pathological autopsy to improve diagnosis in medical practice. He also was in the forefront of the establishment of standard curricula and direct laboratory experience in the training of physicians. In his day, most doctors were still being apprenticed to a practicing physician or were trained in proprietary medical schools set up by physicians with little formal regulation. Throughout most of the 19th century, McGill University in Montreal was the leading centre in Canada but the University of Toronto was not to close the gap until 1903.
Toronto Medical Schools
The first medical school in Toronto was the Medical Department of King’s College, completed in 1844.5 Kings College had been established by Bishop John Strachan in 1827 but because of political and other issues did not admit students until 1843. The Medical Department began admitting students only a year later. There was considerable controversy about the exclusiveness of the charter so other colleges and universities moved to create medical schools of their own.
The Upper Canada Academy of Cobourg was created a university in 1841. It later was known as Victoria University. Trinity College, Toronto became a university a few years later. Others followed. All these new universities were moving to establish schools in Divinity, Medicine and Law. King’s College was abolished by the Hincks Act of 1853. University College, the beginning of the University of Toronto was created in the same year.
Others were moving into the medical education vacuum that had been created. The Upper Canada School of Medicine was established by two Toronto physicians, Drs. Hodder and Bovell and were joined by associates, Bethune, Hallowell, Melville and Badgley. Meanwhile Strachan had obtained approval for a church institution, the University of Trinity College 6 and plans were made to incorporate the medical school into it but these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful.
Proprietary schools were developing. John Rolph’s School of Medicine started in the 1840s and was incorporated as the Toronto School of Medicine in 1851. John Rolph was believed to have had something to do with the Act of the Hincks government that had killed the King’s College Department of Medicine in 1853. The dissention between faculty members resulted in Rolph losing the charter which was taken over by several “retired” faculty members. They claimed the name which was awarded to them in court. Meanwhile, what was left of Rolph’s School of Medicine was reorganized and functioned as the Medical Faculty of Victoria University but without a formal affiliation.
The Women’s Medical College of Toronto was organized in 1883 largely because of the negative attitudes of other schools towards women students and physicians. Other schools came and went; some were established by physicians who advertised to take in a few students in an apprenticeship but gave few lectures or laboratory training. Most of these proprietary schools did not have degree-granting powers so students had to seek their degrees from an established university even if they had taken their training somewhere else. Many graduates of the Toronto School held medical degrees from Victoria University in Cobourg.
The Medical Faculty of Trinity College was established in 1871 but its relationship to the University of Trinity College was unclear. Finally in 1877 it was granted a separate charter under the name of Trinity Medical College. Trinity and the Toronto School of Medicine continued in friendly rivalry, sharing patients and other resources at the Toronto General Hospital. Meanwhile Victoria University at Cobourg was entering into federation negotiations with the University of Toronto and it was unclear how the Medical Faculty of Victoria would be incorporated into the new federated university or into the various medical schools in Toronto.
In 1887 the Senate of the University of Toronto appointed a committee to consider the offer to be made to the various affiliated medical schools by the university. It included a number of prominent names of the day and was chaired by the Vice-Chancellor, William Mulock.7 However, the matter remained unresolved until 1900 and an amalgamation of the schools finally won approval in 1903. Trinity and the Toronto schools were merged into the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Toronto. Other proprietary schools either were merged into this faculty or passed out of existence. This was just four years before Bill Deadman was an eager freshman in Biology and Physics.
Faculty of Medicine
Bill graduated from Biology and Physics in June of 1911. His parents proudly attended the ceremony in the four year old Convocation Hall. He was already granted advanced standing in the Faculty of Medicine so it meant that he could enter the 3rd year of the medical course in September. Any doubts he may have had about his future career had evaporated. He was now determined that he wanted to follow in the footsteps of Sir William Osler, originally from Bond Head but now the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford University. But his money was running out and he sought the help of his father to finance the final part of his university career. By now both his parents were bursting with pride, so this was forthcoming.
At that time medicine was divided into basic sciences and clinical medicine, the latter mostly crammed into the third and fourth years. The basic science curriculum still included anatomy, physiology, biochemistry but the wider availability of the microscope enabled histology, or microscopic anatomy to be added. Anatomy was taught by dissection of a cadaver bur formalin had replaced alcohol as a preserving agent so the extremely repugnant conditions of the 19th century ‘dead rooms’ had improved somewhat. The new Department of Anatomy building was immediately behind the Medical School of 1903, facing onto the front campus next to the University Library and south east of the original building, University College. Both the old Medical School and Anatomy buildings were demolished when the new Faculty of Medicine building was constructed in the 1980s.
When Bill graduated from Biology and Physics in 1911, he began his clinical medical training with lectures on medicine, surgery and midwifery. ‘Materia medica’ was now called pharmacology but physicians were still required to prepare and compound medicines – a task now exclusively reserved for pharmacists.8 Because of the influence of Osler, Pathology was now an important subject. By this time there was increasing laboratory work with students studying urine analysis, measuring haemoglobin and counting blood cells. New tests were emerging in the new field of Pathological Chemistry and Immunology. In the clinical years, usually the third and fourth years of a four year course, they would be spending much time on the wards with their clinicians. William tells of his medical training and some of his teachers in the medical years.
“Professor I. H. Cameron was head of the Department of Surgery. He was a cultured classical scholar and his lectures were masterpieces of English. He had a particular aversion to what he called “bastard” words such as “appendicitis”, part Latin and Part Greek; the term for which he insisted should be “epityphlitis”. His clear diction, his careful dressing, and his goatee impressed his personality deeply on his students.
“His colleague, Dr. Wallace Scott, was noted for his intimate knowledge of anatomy, of which he was a demonstrator, and for his ability as a teacher of clinical surgery. I recall, in my first clinical year, a clinic which he gave at St. Michael’s Hospital, to a group of six of us. We were shown a patient with a sore throat and were instructed to take the history, do a physical examination, and have a diagnosis for him when he returned to the ward in ten minutes. One of our number was a young man of artistic temperament, fond of music, and a great reader. He had evidently been reading tropical medicine for, while the other five of us diagnosed such things as tonsillitis or pharyngitis, he came up with a diagnosis of idiopathic sprue. Dr Scott’s face darkened, and after a half minute of tense silence on our part, his fist banged the bedside table and he said earnestly: “Gentlemen! Gentlemen; – damn it gentlemen; always remember that common things are common and uncommon things are damned uncommon.” I, for one, never forgot the lesson.
“Dr. Alexander McPhedran was professor of Medicine, and was an excellent teacher. I recall one clinic at the old Toronto General Hospital on Gerrard Street East, the case being one of aortic aneurism in a man of 38 years. The professor, to emphasize a point, had a habit of striking his right clenched fist into the palm of his left hand. In the discussion of this case he accompanied the gesture with these words: “always remember gentlemen; aneurism under forty – syphilitic; aneurism under forty – syphilitic.” I dare say none of us ever forgot this lesson.
“In our first clinical year, our clinic of six was most fortunate in our clinicians. In surgery we had Dr. Malcolm Cameron and in medicine, the late Doctor Harry Hutchison. We liked these men so well, both as teachers and as friends, that we applied for and were granted permission to remain with them for the full year, rather than lose them in the mid-year rotation.
“In the year 1910, the Department of Physiology was divided into the Department of Physiology under Professor Brodie, an outstanding English physiologist, and a Department of Biochemistry under the late Professor A. B. MacCallum who had previously been head of the Department of Physiology. That year his newly organized Honour Course in Physiology and Biochemistry came into being. At mid-year the 26 of us who were in the Honour Course in Biology and Physics were given the option of transferring to the new course with equivalent standing and 22 of us transferred. No group at the University ever got a more intensive course in the basic medical sciences. We had 2½ years of Biology and Physics and a final 1½ years of Physiology and Biochemistry.9
“Professor MacCallum was at that time one of Canada’s most erudite scientists. He and the late Professor A. P. Coleman of the Department of Geology were among the first, if not the first Canadians to be elected to membership in the Royal Society. I well remember my first oral examination in Biochemistry from Professor MacCallum. He had a rather high somewhat falsetto voice and when I entered the room he greeted me with the query, “your name is Deadman?” Admitting this, I was next asked; “Have you ever taken any steps to ascertain the origin of your name?” My negative reply brought this comment: “Well! Well! Do you know that I have heard of people who spent all their lives within the sound of Niagara Falls and never knew what made the sound?” A rather inauspicious introduction to an oral examination in Biochemistry.
“Professor MacCallum was later Professor of Biochemistry at McGill, and he spent the last years of his life at London, where his son, Professor A. B. MacCallum was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario. On my annual visits to London in connection with the examinations of the Medical Council of Canada, I used to call on him at his small laboratory in the medical school and I remember, on the last such occasion he said to me; “I still try to burn a little incense on the altar of science.”
“The Department of Pathology was headed by the late Professor J. J. Mackenzie, beloved of all his students, who, like Professor Van der Smissen had a weakness for dachshunds. The then sub-department of Bacteriology was headed by the late Professor J. G. Fitzgerald, who, in 1912 left to go to Leland Stanford University in California. His place was taken by Professor Duncan Graham, who gave us the balance of our course in Bacteriology. Professor Graham proceeded overseas in 1915 with No. 4 Canadian General Hospital to Salonica and before the hospital left Salonica in the summer of 1917 had written a paper on the bacteriology of dysentery which was rated by the British consultant of the British Salonica Force as the best publication on the subject which the war produced.
“We had in 1911-12 and 1912-13 all of our clinical teaching at the old Toronto General Hospital on Gerrard Street East. It was there I saw my first case of leprosy in a Chinese patient. It was there in 1912 that I first saw Sir William Osler, whose text book was our bible, and who had then for 8 years been the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford. It was one of the thrills of the year to see the great man and to listen to his words of wisdom.
“Those were halcyon days for the University of Toronto. The devotion of one half of the succession duties of the province to the financing of the University facilitated an era of growth and expansion, which received a memorable fillip from the work of Sir Frederick Banting and his associates and which has placed the university and its medical school among the greatest of such institutions in the English-speaking world.”
Bill was on a strict budget. A year in Arts was about $250 so the $1000 which he had saved from his school teaching years was enough to get him through the B. & P. course. But in Medicine his costs were about $400 a year so even with the augmentation of summer jobs he needed considerable help from his father to complete the course. He had different jobs each year and mentions that one summer he worked on the Grand Trunk Pacific Line through Saskatchewan. This would probably have been the summer of 1907 because by then the track was moving across the prairies toward Saskatoon. He recalled that he lived in a dormitory car at the end of track and only got to see the parts of Saskatchewan where he was actually working. He was paid $1 a day for a 10 hour day and a six day week. There was very little to spend money on so he was able to save most of what he earned. He would have made as much in 8 or 9 weeks in the summer as he had made in his first year teaching school four years before.
1 In classical academia the Arts included philosophy, logic and mathematics – the very basis for modern science. Until well into the 19th century, the physical sciences (physics, chemistry) were known as Natural Philosophy. Later, the Faculty of Arts at Toronto became known as the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The theoretical sciences remained in the Arts Faculty whereas the “School of Practical Science” gave degrees in Engineering.
2 This appears to have been delivered at some point as a speech, probably to a Hamilton audience. It is typed and set up in an address format. At some later date he tried to incorporate it into his autobiography but many of these details were left out. Date uncertain but probably written in the 1940s.
3 As mentioned previously, football is now known as soccer. Rugby or rugby-football, derived from English rugby, is now known as football.
4 Sam Manson’s Sporting Goods operated a store on Wilson St. near James St. N. until the 1990s.
5 This was the building that was to become University College when the University of Toronto opened in 1853.
6 The original building of Trinity College was located on Queen Street West near the boundary with the village of Parkdale. It had classical Gothic architecture. When it relocated to the University of Toronto campus some years later the new building was an exact copy of the original.
The lead author recalls walking along Queen Street in the 1960s and being surprised to see the building that he knew on Hoskin Avenue come to life before his eyes
7 He was later knighted as Baronet William Mulock. He was Postmaster General in the Laurier government and Chancellor of the University for many years. in 1938 the University Senate put on a special dinner to honour Sir William in Hart House. William Deadman was the Master of Ceremonies.
8 Medicines and drug compounds were originally called ‘physic’. Physicians compounded and administered physic, whereas surgeons performed surgery.
9 Physiology and Biochemistry was the course that his son JCD enrolled in when he entered the University of Toronto in 1949.
i Wright, AH; The Medical Schools of Toronto. Can Med Assoc J. 1928 May; 18(5): 616-620.